Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common virus infection for the genital tract.
General information
HPV is a very broad group of viruses around the world. There are more than 190 types of viruses, where at least 13 leads to the development of cancer (they are known as high risk types). The human papilloma virus is spread mainly with sexual relations, and most people are infected immediately after they begin to lead sex. Two types of HPV (16 and 18) cause 70% of all cases of cervical cancer (RSHM) and cervical precancerous pathology.
The probability of illness
The human papilloma virus is spread mainly with sexual relations, and most people are infected immediately after they begin to lead sex. But penetrating sex is not required to move the virus. Abdominal genitalia is a good path for delivery of papillomavirus infections. The risk group of HPV infection is children and adolescents aged 15-18.
Cervical cancer develops as a result of sexual infections obtained with certain types of HPV. Risk factors for RSM development: first sex at an early age; Many sexual partners; Opening of immunity (for example, HIV -infected people undergo increased risk of HPV infection and are infected with various types of VPVs).
The symptoms and nature of the disease
Most HPV infections do not lead to the appearance of symptoms or diseases and pass themselves (about 90% passing within 2 years). However, stable infections with certain types of HPV (most often with types 16 and 18) can lead to the development of precancerous pathological conditions. Without treatment, this condition can develop into cervical cancer. Today, cervical cancer is the most common disease associated with human papilloma virus. Cervical cancer is the fourth of the most common types of cancer in women, and the seventh in general: according to estimates, 528, 000 new cases in the world in 2012.
Symptoms of RSM usually appear only at the advanced stage of cancer and may include the following:
- Irregular, intermenstrual (between menstruation) or pathological vaginal bleeding after sex;
- Back pain, feet or pelvis;
- Fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite;
- Unpleasant sensations in the vagina or discharge with unpleasant odors;
- One leg swollen.
In later stages, worse symptoms may appear.
Papillomavirus infections are also involved in 20-90% of cases of aircraft cell cancer, oropharynx, vulva, vagina and penis. According to the estimates, up to 90% of all cases of anal cancer are caused by HPV-16 and HPV-18, and 40% of Vulva cancer cases, mostly found in old women, are associated with HPV-16.
HPV infection is caused by low risk of risk causing anogental warts in men and women (indicating or sexual warts). The average time between infection and HPV-6 or 11 type and the development of genital warts is 11-12 months in men and 5-6 months in young women 16. Anogenital condiloma is difficult to treat.
HPV-6 and HPV-11 can also cause rare conditions known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), where warts are formed in the larynx or other parts of the respiratory tract. RRP is observed primarily in children under 5 (Juvenile PRP) or in people in the third ten (adult RRP). In rare cases, women with genital HPV infections can convey viruses to infants during childbirth. RRPs that do not make sense can lead to serious problems due to respiratory tract obstruction.
Complications after illness
It has been established that RSM is in 100% of oncogenic cases as a human papilloma virus (HPV). In women with a normal immune system, cervical cancer develops in 15-20 years. In women with a weak immune system, for example, with HIV infection if there is no treatment, its development may only take 5-10 years. Although limited data on angeenital, cancer, in contrast to cervical cancer, the increase in the amount of actual data indicates human papillomavis relationship with anal, vulva, vagina and penis. And although these types of cancer are less common than RSHM, their relationship to HPV makes them potentially able to prevent the use of the same major preventive strategies as cervical cancer.
HPV types that do not cause cancer (especially type 6 and 11) can cause sharp condiloma and respiratory papillomatosis (a disease in which tumors grow in the respiratory tract that lead from nose and mouth to lungs). And although this condition is very rare to cause death, they can often cause disease. Condylomas are sharp and very contagious.
Death
There is high global death from cervical cancer (52%), the cause is human papillomavirus. In 2012, about 270, 000 women died of RSM, and more than 85% of these deaths occurred in countries with low and average income.
Treatment
RSM examination is testing the precancerous and cancer conditions in women who have no symptoms and feel healthy. If the examination reveals a deep pathological condition, they can be treated easily and thus prevent cancer. Examination can also identify cancer in the early stages with a high probability of antidote.
Given the fact that premature conditions have grown for years, every woman aged 30-49 is recommended to undergo at least once in life, and better. Inspection is effective in reducing death from cervical cancer only in the case of a large number of women.
3 different types of inspection are now available:
- Regular boarding tests (pap) and liquid cytology (LBC);
- Visual verification using acetic acid;
- Tests on HPV high risk types.
In developed countries, there are programs that provide women with an opportunity for examination, which allows you to identify the deepest conditions at the level when they can easily be treated. Early treatment from human papilloma virus allows you to prevent up to 80% of RSM development cases in these countries.
In developing countries, limited access to effective examination means the disease is often detected only in the later stages, when symptoms develop. In addition, the treatment of the disease at the stage was ineffective, leading to a high degree of death from the RSM in these countries.
The effectiveness of the vaccination
Clinical trial results show that both vaccines today are safe and very effective in the prevention of HPV 16 and 18 infections. Both vaccines are more effective if vaccination is performed before human papillomavirus is exposed. Therefore, it is best to carry out vaccination before the first sexual intercourse. Vaccines do not treat HPV infections or HPV -related diseases (such as cancer).
In some countries, male vaccination against human papilloma virus is introduced, taking into account the fact that it allows you to prevent genital cancer in men and women, and one of the vaccines also prevents the development of genital warts in men and women. In addition, vaccination of boys works to prevent HPV circulation in the population of adolescents and young adults. Which recommends vaccination of girls ages 9-13, as this is the most effective, in terms of cost, a measure of public health against cervical cancer.
Vaccination against HPV does not replace examination of cervical cancer. In countries where the VPV vaccine is formulated, it is also necessary to develop an inspection program. By the end of 2013, vaccines against human papilloma virus were introduced in 55 WHO countries.
Modern mathematical models show that in the coverage of girls aged 12-13, a major immunization course (3 doses) with vaccines against papillomavirus infection, is possible to predict 63%cervical cancer risk. Until age. 30 years - 27%.
Vaccine
Currently, there are two vaccines that protect from 16 and 18 types of human papillomavirus, resulting in at least 70% of cervical cancer. The vaccine can also provide cross protection against other types of HPVs that cause RSM. One of these vaccines also protects against HPV 6 and 11 types, which causes anogenital condiloma.
The development and registration of vaccines against papillomavirus infection determines the possible prevention of RSM.
The latest epidemics
Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer in women - according to an estimate, 530, 000 cases of new diseases are recorded annually, about 270, 000 patients dead.
This incident maintains a growth trend.
The probability of a woman's CRM disease on average during her life was 0. 53%.
Historical information and interesting facts
In the mid -20th century, Harold scientists Tsur Hausen found that women suffering from cervical cancer were often infected with human papillomavirus. In 1983, he found the DNA of papillomavirus in cervical cancer biopsy, and this event could be considered the opening of the VPH-16 oncogenic virus. In 2008, the Nobel Committee awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine Harald Zur Hausen to find out that the papilloma virus could cause cervical cancer.